CASCADIAN^®
Professional Water Treatment Products

O₃ Water Systems, Inc.
17700 147th St SE
Suite F
Monroe, WA 98272
USA

Phone: 360-794-9511
Fax: 360-794-0856

FILTER MEDIA
Properties and Conditions for Operation
General reference only, conditions may vary. Ask about your application.

ACTIVATED CARBON
A porous solid, in powder, extrudate or granular form, produced from any base material which has a high percentage of carbonaceous content, i.e.; wood, nut pits or shell, animal bone, hydrocarbon sludge, peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite coal.

Advantages: The porosity of activated carbon offers an extremely high surface area to volume mass ratio. 2.2 pounds at 1,000 square meters per gram, a good typical carbon, has about the same surface as 100 miles of two lane highway. Carbon adsorbs organic compounds which produce taste, odor, color or toxicity. Reduces free chlorine.

Principle of Adsorption: Adsorption is the concentration of compounds on the surface of a solid without changing the structure of the compound or the solid. Desorption is the deconcentration of these compounds from the surface of the solid. adsorption/desorption may occur in either the liquid phase or vapor phase, however, the speed involved in this compound movement are very different. Therefore, the pore size, structure and distribution will add or detract from the process.

Conditions for Operation:
Native Carbon/water pH ................................. 6.6 to 8.4
pH operating range ....................................... Full scale*
(Low pH liquids will leach inorganics from the carbon.)
Service flows ......................................... 2 to 14 gpm/ft 2
Bed depth ................................... 4 to 30 minute EBCT*
*Note: Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) formula:
flow/gpm divided by 7.481 = flow/cfm
cubic feet of media divided by flow/cfm = EBCT
Backwash bed expansion ....................................... 40%
Backwash flows........................ 10 to 17 gpm/ft 2 @ 55°F

ANTHRACITE
Anthracite has low ash and friability. The coal is cleaned (reduction in ash content), screened and classified to the proper sizes for water filtration purposes.

Advantages: Advantages of use versus silica and quartz sands and gravels are: longer runs between backwashes, higher flow rates without head loss, lower backwash water pressures and/or quantities, a greater utilization of the bed mass for filtration, and a volumetric higher surface area. 

Physical Characteristics:
Acid Solubility (AWWA B100-89) ........................ <1.0%
Caustic Solubility (1% NaOH @ 190 o F) ............. <1.0%
Apparent Specific Gravity ......................... 1.65 +/- 0.05
Hardness (Mohs Scale) .................................. 3.0 to 3.8
Attrition Loss (annually) ......................................... 0.2%
Sphericity ......................................... (Loose Pack) 0.61
........................................................... (Tight Pack) 0.60
Ignition Point ....................................................... 950 °F
Chemically neutral, does not react with alkaline or acid waters.

Typical analysis (Moisture & Ash-Free Basis)
BTU ..................................................................... 14,828
Carbon ................................................................. 94.7%
Nitrogen ................................................................. 0.8%
Oxygen .................................................................. 1.6%
Hydrogen ............................................................... 2.1%
Sulphur ................................................................ 0.89%

CALCITE ^{® (Calcium Carbonate)}
(slow dissolve, crushed marble)
Acidic waters on contact with Calcite^® slowly dissolve the calcium carbonate media to raise the pH which reduces the potential leaching of copper, lead and other metals found in typical plumbing systems. Periodic backwashing will prevent packing and maintain high service rates. Depending on pH and service flow, the Calcium Carbonate bed will have to be periodically added to as the dissolved Calcium Carbonate depletes. As the Calcium Carbonate neutralizes the water, it will increase hardness and a softener may become necessary after the neutralizing filter.

Advantages: High uniformity coefficient for maximum contact for controlled pH correction. • Slower reacting. • Inexpensive. Physical Characteristics:
Color: ............................................................ near white
Density: ...................................................... 100 lbs/cu ft
Composition: ...................................... CaCO 3 , 95% min
........................................................... MgCO 3 , 3% max
pH: .......................................................................... 9-9.5
Specific Gravity ....................................................... 2.71

Conditions for Operation:
pH: .............................................................................. 5-6
Bed Depth: ................................................ 24-30 inches
Backwash rate: ........................................ 8-12 gpm/sq ft
Backwash bed ................. expansion 35% of bed depth.
Service Flow Rate: .................................... 3-6 gpm/sq ft but may be modified to adapt to local conditions.

COROSEX ^® I & II
Has a high degree of activity and speed of correction allowing high flow.

Physical Characteristics:
Color: ........................................................ grayish white
Density: ...................................................... 100 lbs/cu ft
Effective Size: .................................................. 1.27 mm
Uniformity Coefficient: ............................................ 1.48
Active Material (%): .............................................. 84-90
Composition: ........................................... MgO 97% min

Conditions for Operation:
Downflow service is satisfactory on waters with a hard-ness of less than five gr/gal or where it’s combined with Calcite ® at least 50-50. Upflow service is generally recommended with hardness exceeding five gr/gal to prevent “cementing of the mineral bed”. A gravel support bed is recommended.

pH: ............................................................................. 4-6
Bed depth: .............................….......... 24-36 inches min.
Backwash frequently to prevent possible cementing.
Backwash bed expansion: ........…...... 35% of bed depth.
Service rate: ................................…............ 5-6 gpm/sq ft. But may be modified to adapt to local conditions.

Filox-R™

Physical Characteristics:
Color...............................…………....…….gray-black
Physical Form.............................................granular
Active Ingredient.........................................75% - 85% Manganese Dioxide
Screen Size................................................12 x 40
Bulk Density ………………………......….114 lbs/ft3
Odor and Taste.......….... ………….......….none
Standard Package......….…………….......1/2ft3 57lbs ea.
 

Conditions for Operation:
Service Flow ………...............................….6 gpm/ft3
Free Board...................................................30% - 50%
Bed depth:................................................... 20 inches minimum
Recommended Backwash ……………....12 - 15 gpm/ft2 @ 60 0F
pH...................................................................5.0 - 9.0 (6.5 - 8.5 Recommended for bed stability)

Removal Capacity (at Exhaustion)
Iron..........................................................27 ppm
Hydrogen Sulfide..................................17 ppm
Manganese............................................11 ppm

GARNET
A naturally hard, durable, high specific gravity mineral. Resistant to attrition means less loss of media and shut-down time. High specific gravity means more control during backwash and lower losses to drain. The angular shape provides more ability to filter and longer production runs. 

Meets AWWA B100-89 Specifications

Physical Characteristics:
Free Silica Content ............................................... None
Hardness (Mohs Scale) ..................................... 7 to 7.5
Acid Solubility (HCl) .............................................. None
Specific Gravity ............................................... 3.8 to 4.1
Melting Point ..................................................... 2300 o F
Dry Unit Weight ..................................... 135.0 lbs./cf +/-
Uniformity Coefficient .......................................... 1.5 +/-

Typical Analysis:
Aluminum Oxide ..................................................... 2 6 %
Manganese Oxide .................................................... 1 %
Calcium Oxide .......................................................... 1%
Titanium Oxide ......................................................... 1 %
Cadmium .................................................................. 0%
Silicon Dioxide ........................................................ 3 8 %
Beryllium ................................................................... 0%
Zirconium Oxide ....................................................... 1 %
Lead .......................................................................... 0%
Magnesium Oxide ..................................................... 1 %
Iron Oxide ............................................................... 30%

GRAVEL
Gravel is used as a support to keep smaller medias out of the distribution system and to stop channeling of water. Minimum layers of 3" per size is suggested. A high proportion are rounded and tend toward a spherical shape. 

Meets AWWA 100-89 Specifications.

Physical Characteristics:
Clean and free of dirt and shale .......... less than visible
Thin flat & elongated (5 to 1) ... less than 2% maximum
Fractured Face ........................................ less than 25%
Size ................................ less than 8% out of size limits
Acid Solubility .................... 8 mesh & smaller -5% max
.............................................. 8 mesh to 1" -17.5% max
.................................................... 1" & larger -25% max
Specific Gravity ......................................... 2.5 minimum

FEATURES BENEFITS;  OxiMax™ is used for removing iron, hydrogen sulfide, and manganese from water supplies. It is a media that utilizes an oxidation-reduction reaction and filtration process similar to Greensand, but at a much higher level of performance. OxiMax™ contains 80% manganese dioxide in an extremely unique cluster format for enhanced performance and maximized capacity. OxiMax™out performs Greensand, Brim, etc. due to the purity of its particles, superior oxidation/filtration capacity, and durability. OxiMax™ is a standard, stocked media.

For Removal of:
H 2 S .......................................................... up to 3 ppm,
Fe ............................................................. up to 15 ppm,
Manganese .................................................up to 7 ppm.

Conditions for Operation:
Freeboard ............................................................... 5 0 %
Backwash ................. 15-20 gpm (Depending on Temp)
pH .......................................................................... 5-9
Bed Depth: ................................................ 30-36 inches
Maximum service Flow Rate: ......................................... 6 gpm/ft³

Physical Characteristics:

Granular, Black .................  20-40 mesh
Specific gravity ....................................................... 1.93
Density: .......................................................... 114 lbs/ft³
Life Expectancy …………………….……. essentially unlimited for low contaminant concentrations
 

Influent Limitations:
Feed water must not have organics (tannins). Do not use if feed water contains organic (heme) iron. Organics / tannins can be effectively removed from the feed water with the CASCADIAN^® OrganicTRAP^™ system. Feed water ORP must be above negative 170.  Need to Cl ₂ feed if chloride level over 500 ppm.

Application Pretest: Simple tests will qualify the feed water for OxiMax^™ prior to installation. Measure ORP or perform the OxiMax^™ proof test to verify the water is suitable for OxiMax media, test for organics/tannins and verify they are not present and verify flow and pressure required for backwash are available. If the water passes the ORP or OxiMax^™ proof test and organics/tannins are absent and required backwash is available the OxiMax^™ media will work without any other treatment for iron, manganese and H₂S.

SAND
99% of the water purified in the world today is accomplished by passing the water through “Rapid Sand Filters”. Theoretically the upper layer of the bed performs the filtration, while the lower layers provide the necessary support and assist in the hydraulics involved during the backwash cycle. The chemical and physical proper-ties are important. The media must be hard, not smooth, and free of soluble particles.

Physical Characteristics of Sand:
Acid Solubility (AWWA B100-89) ..................... 5% max
Specific Gravity (AWWA B100-89) ............... 2.62% min
Porosity (ASTM C30/37) ...................................... 38.35
Loss on Ignition (AFC Handbook) ....................... 0.69%
24 Hour Absorption ............................................. 0.48%
Dry Unit Weight (PCF) ................................ 100.0 lbs/cf
Chemical Content is less than 0.0001% of the following: Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cyanide, Copper, Nickel, .. Lead, Zinc and Mercury.

SuperTRAP^®

SuperTRAP^® is a high quality, granular, zeolite filter media that replaces conventional multimedia. It is produced from a unique mineral deposit having high surface area and porosity. The surface structure of SuperTRAP^® features microscopic mineral projections that allow particulate matter to penetrate deeply into the bed. These properties make SuperTRAP^® an ideal filtration media.

FEATURES BENEFITS; Higher solids loading capacity Reduces backwash frequency and conserves water Enhanced filtration performance Finer filtration provides higher quality water and reduces the load on downstream equipment High service flow rate Reduces new equipment cost and provides expansion opportunities for existing equipment Light weight Reduces shipping cost and is easier to handle Lower pressure loss Allows higher flow rates

Conditions for Operation:
Freeboard......................................... 50% of bed depth
Backwash............... 12-16 gpm (Depending on Temp) 
Backwash Bed Expansion...............................30 - 40% 
pH............................................................................. 6.5-9 
Bed Depth.................................................. 36-48 inches 
Service Flow Rate..................................... 12-20 gpm/ft² Allow bed to soak overnight before initial backwash.
Physical Characteristics: Color............... Light Green 
Mesh Size..............................................................14 x 40 
Specific gravity.................................................. 2.2 gm/cc 
Density:................................................................ 55 lbs/ft³ 
Uniform Coefficient...................................................... 1.9 
Hardness................................................... 4 (Mohs scale)